# Trigonometry

## Multiplying Vectors I: The Scalar Product

Having covered the basics of defining and adding vectors, multiplying by scalars and finding unit vectors, it’s time to look at multiplying vectors together. What makes this entirely unlike working with numbers is that there are two ways (in fact, more than two!) to multiply two vectors. We’ll look at one of those today, the …

## Vector Basics: Describing Directions

We’re looking at the concept of vectors at an introductory level. Last week we looked at how they are defined in this context (as quantities with magnitude and direction), and how they are added (which is really part of the definition). Our collection of answers from Ask Dr. Math this time focuses on the ideas …

## How Far Can I See?

We have been looking at questions about the roundness of the earth, starting with the general fact, and then the determination of the size of the earth. A very common question is about how that roundness affects what we can see, sometimes as a challenge (“If I can see this, then how can the earth …

## Trig Functions Meet Polynomials

(A new question of the week) A recent series of questions from one student involved interesting combinations of trigonometric identities and solutions of polynomials. At one time using trig to solve equations was far better known than it is today, and these presumably are meant in part as an introduction to those ideas. Some were …

## Oblique Triangles in Applications

Having just looked at how to solve oblique triangles, let’s look at a couple “word problems” (applications) involving such triangles. We’ll be using the Law of Sines, and also exploring alternative methods of solution. A tilted tree Let’s start with this real application from 1999: Will the Tree Hit the House? There is a tree …

## Solving an Oblique Triangle, Part II

Last time we looked at solving triangles in the ASA, AAS, SSS, and SAS cases. We have one more case, which tends to be a little more complicated: the “ambiguous case”, SSA. SSA: Two sides and the angle opposite one of them We’ll start with this question from 1998: Triangles and Law of Sines I …

## Solving an Oblique Triangle, Part I

Having just looked at the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines, let’s consider how they can be applied to solving an oblique triangle – that is, finding missing parts of a triangle that is not a right triangle. The Ask Dr. Math site’s Trigonometry FAQ includes a concise summary of a procedure for …

## Proving the Law of Cosines

Last week we looked at several proofs of the Law of Sines. Here we will see a couple proofs of the Law of Cosines; they are more or less equivalent, but take different perspectives – even one from before trigonometry and algebra were invented! Proof using coordinates First, here is a question we looked at …

## Why Can’t You Skip the Law of Sines?

(An archive question of the week) I’m in the middle of discussing the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines, and in searching for questions about them, I ran across one that stands by itself. A student asks his teacher why his method without trig doesn’t work, and gets three answers from us. They …

## Proving the Law of Sines

Two of the most useful facts in trigonometry are the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines (sometimes called the Sine Rule or Sine Formula, and the Cosine Rule or Cosine Formula). Over the years we were often asked where they come from (or are just asked about them, and reflexively offer proofs). There …