Empty Sets and Vacuous Truth
I’m going to start this post with a simple question about the empty set, and gradually dive deeper. There will be connections here to previous discussions of conditional statements in logic.
Definitions
Why is a Linear Equation Called Linear?
(New Question of the Week) From time to time we get a question that is more about words than about math; usually these are about the meaning or origin of mathematical terms. Fortunately, some of us love words as much as we love math. But the question I want to look at here, which came …
Is a Square a Rectangle? Classifying Shapes
We get many questions about classifying shapes, from both elementary and high school students (or their parents or teachers). They often have trouble with the very idea of classifying items by applying definitions, and also with the fact that definitions can vary, both between everyday and technical usages, and from one textbook to another.
When Is a Definition Not a Definition?
(New Question of the Week) From time to time a student will ask for help understanding what he reads in his textbook. This often requires some back-and-forth as we try to understand both what the textbook is saying in its context (without having a copy of it to look at), and how the student is …
Kids Ask About Even and Odd Numbers
(Archive Question of the Week) Although high school and up probably constitute the majority of our questions, I always enjoy answering younger children. For today’s look at the archives, I thought I’d look at two such questions, both from 1999, and very memorable. The first is almost certainly the youngest “patient” we’ve ever had, and …
Why, in Logic, Does “False” Imply Anything?
In a class on symbolic logic, students are taught the truth tables that define the “logical connectives” ∧ (and), ∨ (or), ¬ (not), and → (if … then). Everything makes sense until they are told that if p is false, then is true whether or not q is true. How can we say that “If pigs fly, then 2 is …
Averages, Probability, and Reality
(Archive Question of the Week) Recently I discussed the definition of the median of a data set, pointing out how it needs refinements that are not often discussed. In searching for questions in our archive on that topic, I ran across a discussion of an opposite issue: the breadth of the general term “average”, which …
Rounding to the Nearest: The Basics
We frequently get questions about how to round; so many different issues arise that I won’t try to fit them all into one post. Children have trouble learning how to do it, and sometimes their parents are surprised to find that they are being taught a different way than they learned. There are several common …
What Operation Was She Doing?
(Archive question of the week) For Wednesdays, I plan to find a single interesting question from the past and discuss it. One of the things I’ve enjoyed about Ask Dr. Math is getting questions I’d never have thought of on my own, but which lead to some fascinating ideas. Here is an old favorite from …
What is the Median, Really?
From time to time we get questions about finding the median in statistics. Some are entirely routine; but the three I want to discuss today take us gradually deeper into a morass of ambiguity. A recurring theme of my experience in Ask Dr. Math has been that definitions are not always what they seem – …